Method of Programming and Erasing a P-Channel BE-SONOS NAND Flash Memory

ABSTRACT

A programming method for a p-channel memory cell, the memory cell includes a source, a drain and a gate. The gate is applies with a first voltage, which results in Fowler-Nordheim (−FN) hole injection, thereby causing the memory cell to be in a programmed state.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

This invention relates to a flash memory device, and more particularly,to a flash memory device employing p-channel cells.

2. Description of the Prior Art

Conventional NAND-type floating gate flash memories are used in manynon-volatile storage applications because they can be fabricated with ahigh density. In addition, they can operate at low-power and havehigh-speed page programming throughput.

FIG. 1 shows a conventional NAND floating gate flash memory usingn-channel type memory cells. Each n-channel memory cell can be either afloating gate device or a silicon-oxide-nitride-oxide-silicon (SONOS)type device. Programming the conventional memory device may be performedby using positive Fowler-Nordheim (+FN) electron injection, whereelectrons are injected from an inversion channel into a floating gate ora nitride trapping layer of the memory cell. Conversely, erasing may beperformed by negative Fowler-Nordheim (−FN) electron injection, wherethe electrons are injected from the floating gate into the channel. Forexample, a voltage of Vg=+18 volts is applied to a selected word line,e.g., WL_(N-1), which is connected to the gates of the n-channel memorycells marked A and B. A voltage of Vg=+10 is applied to all other(unselected) word lines (i.e., gates), including bit-line transistors(BLT) and source line transistors (SLT) of the memory device. Theapplication of a positive gate voltage to all of the cells causes all ofthe MOSFET transistors in each NAND string of the conventional device tobe turned-on, causing an inversion layer to formed that passes throughthe NAND strings. Referring again to FIG. 1, a first bit line (BL₁) isset to a zero volt bias (i.e., V_(BL1)=0V) or ground potential andtherefore, the inversion layer in the cells connected to BL₁ has a zeropotential. However, a second bit line (BL₂) is set to a positive voltagepotential (i.e., V_(BL2)=+8V), and therefore the inversion layer in thecells connected to BL₂ is at a high potential.

Programming of a cell is accomplished by providing a large enough gateto source voltage in each cell to cause +FN injection to occur.Referring to FIG. 1, cell-A is selected by creating a large voltage dropacross the cell. Specifically, since cell-A is connected to bit lineBL₁, which has a V_(BL1)=0V and to word line W_(LN-1)=+18V, a voltagedrop of+18V is created across the cell. The +18V voltage drop providesfor an efficient +FN injection, causing the voltage threshold in thecell to be raised to a higher programmed state (PV). Since cell-B isconnected to bit line BL₂ and to W_(LN-1), which are respectively biasedat V_(BL2)=+8V and W_(LN-1)=+18V, a voltage drop of only +10V is createdacross cell-B. The +10V voltage drop is insufficient to cause +FNinjection. Cell-C is connected to bit line B_(L1) and word line W_(L1),which are biased at V_(BL1)=0V and WL₁=+10V, thus creating a voltagedrop of +10V across cell-C. Thus, any +FN effect is negligible forcell-C. Therefore, by the aforementioned method, individual cells may beprogrammed.

NAND n-channel floating gate flash memory devices are in widespread use.Many NAND flash memory devices are implemented with multi-level cell(MLC) technology which requires a more precise voltage threshold (Vt)distribution and control, thus require tighter control of processvariables, than non-MLC applications. In addition, there is currently noknown convergent +FN programming technique available for n-channel NANDfloating gate flash memory devices. Further, due to the inter-floatinggate structure of n-channel devices, there is a coupling effect betweenmemory cells, thereby limiting the scaling of conventional NAND-typefloating gate devices to greater densities.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, there isprovided a programming method for a p-channel memory cell, the memorycell includes a source, a drain and a gate, by applying a first voltageto the gate, resulting in negative Fowler-Nordheim (−FN) hole injection,thereby causing the memory cell to be in a programmed state.

Also in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention,there is provided an erasing method for a p-channel memory cell, thememory cell includes a source, a drain and a gate, by applying a firstvoltage to the gate, resulting in positive Fowler-Nordheim (+FN)electron injection, thereby causing the memory cell to be in an erasedstate.

Further in accordance with yet another embodiment of the presentinvention, there is provided a reading method for a p-channel memorycell, the memory cell includes a source, a drain and a gate, by applyinga first voltage to the source; applying a second voltage to the drain,wherein the first voltage is greater than the second voltage; detectinga state of the memory cell for selecting a third voltage; and applyingthe third voltage to the gate, wherein the third voltage is greater thanthe first voltage and the second voltage.

Still in accordance with yet another embodiment of the presentinvention, there is provided a programming method for a memory device,the memory device comprises a NAND array of memory cells, the arraycomprises one or more word lines and (WL) one or more bit lines (BL),each bit line comprises a bit line transistor (BLT) connected to astring of p-channel memory cells, the string of p-channel memory cellsincluding N series connected memory cells and the N^(th) memory cellconnected to a source line transistor (SLT). A first voltage is appliedto each bit line (BL) that corresponds to each selected string of memorycells in the array of memory cells. A second voltage is applied to eachbit line (BL) that corresponds to each unselected string of memorycells, wherein the first voltage is greater than the second voltage. Athird voltage is applied to each bit line transistor (BLT), wherein thesecond voltage is greater than the third voltage. The third voltage isapplied to each source line transistor (SLT) and to each word line (WL)that corresponds to each unselected memory cell. A forth voltage isapplied to the word line (WL) that corresponds to each selected memorycell, resulting in Fowler-Nordheim (−FN) hole injection, thereby causingthe memory cell to be in a programmed state, wherein the third voltageis greater than the forth voltage.

Further in accordance with yet another embodiment of the presentinvention, there is provided a programming method for a memory device,the memory device comprises a NAND array of memory cells, the arraycomprises one or more word lines and (WL) one or more bit lines (BL),each bit line comprises a bit line transistor (BLT) connected to astring of p-channel memory cells, the string of p-channel memory cellsincluding N series connected memory cells and the N^(th) memory cellconnected to a source line transistor (SLT). A first voltage is appliedto each bit line (BL) that corresponds to each selected memory cell inthe array of memory cells. A second voltage is applied to each bit line(BL) that corresponds to each unselected memory cell, wherein the firstvoltage is greater than the second voltage. A third voltage is appliedto each bit line transistor (BLT), wherein the second voltage is greaterthan the third voltage. The first voltage is applied to each source linetransistor (SLT). The second voltage is applied to each word line (WL)that corresponds to each unselected memory cell. A forth voltage isapplied to the word line (WL) that corresponds to each selected memorycell, resulting in Fowler-Nordheim (−FN) hole injection, thereby causingthe memory cell to be in a programmed state, wherein the third voltageis greater than the forth voltage.

Further still in accordance with yet another embodiment of the presentinvention, there is provided an erasing method for a memory device, thememory device comprising a NAND array of memory cells, the arraycomprises one or more word lines and (WL) one or more bit lines (BL),each bit line comprises a bit line transistor (BLT) connected to astring of p-channel memory cells, the string of p-channel memory cellsincluding N series connected memory cells and the N^(th) memory cellconnected to a source line transistor (SLT). A first voltage is appliedto each bit line transistor (BLT). The first voltage is applied to eachsource line transistor (SLT). A second voltage is applied to eachselected word line in the array of memory cells corresponding to eachselected memory cell, resulting in Fowler-Nordheim (+FN) electroninjection, thereby causing an erased state in each of the selectedcells, and wherein the second voltage is greater than the first voltage.

Yet still in accordance with yet another embodiment of the presentinvention, there is provided a reading method for a memory device, thememory device comprises a NAND array of memory cells, the arraycomprises one or more word lines and (WL) one or more bit lines (BL),each bit line comprises a bit line transistor (BLT) connected to astring of p-channel memory cells, the string of p-channel memory cellsincluding N series connected memory cells and the N^(th) memory cellconnected to a source line transistor (SLT). A first voltage is appliedto each bit line (BL) that corresponds to each selected memory cell inthe array of memory cells. A second voltage is applied to each bit linetransistor (BLT), wherein the first voltage is greater than the secondvoltage. The second voltage is applied to each source line transistor(SLT). The second voltage is applied to each word line (WL) thatcorresponds to each unselected memory cell. A third voltage is appliedto the gate, wherein the third voltage is greater than the first and thesecond voltages.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

The foregoing summary, as well as the following detailed description ofthe invention, will be better understood when read in conjunction withthe appended drawings. For the purpose of illustrating the invention,there are shown in the drawings embodiments which are presentlypreferred. It should be understood, however, that the invention is notlimited to the precise arrangements and instrumentalities shown.

In the drawings:

FIG. 1 is a schematic representation for a programming method of aconventional prior art NAND flash n-channel memory device;

FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a BE-SONOS p-channel memory cellwith an ONO tunneling dielectric according to a preferred embodiment ofthe present invention;

FIG. 3 is a schematic of a NAND flash p-channel memory device using thep-channel memory cell shown in FIG. 2;

FIG. 4A shows a self-convergent −FN programming method for the BE-SONOSp-channel memory cell of FIG. 2;

FIG. 4B is a graph illustrating curves of experimental data usingdifferent gate voltages for programming the p-channel memory cell ofFIG. 2;

FIG. 5A is a schematic illustrating a first programming method forprogramming a cell in the memory device shown in FIG. 3;

FIG. 5B is a graph illustrating experimental data curves of thresholdvoltages for memory cells A and B shown in FIG. 5A;

FIG. 6 is a schematic illustrating a second programming method forprogramming a memory cell in the memory device of FIG. 3;

FIG. 7 is a schematic of the memory device of FIG. 3 illustrating a pageprogram method;

FIG. 8 is a schematic of the memory device of FIG. 3 for illustrating anerasing method;

FIG. 9 is a schematic of the memory device of FIG. 3 illustrating areading method;

FIG. 10A is a graph illustrating the variation in threshold voltageswith program/erase (P/E) cycles for the p-channel memory cell of FIG. 2;

FIG. 10B is a graph showing experimental data curves in drain currentsof the p-channel memory cell of FIG. 2; and

FIG. 11 is a graph of experimental data curves illustrating thevariation in threshold voltages in the programmed state and the erasedstate as a function of reading time.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Reference will now be made in detail to the invention and the presentlypreferred embodiments thereof, examples of which are illustrated in theaccompanying drawings. Wherever possible, the same or similar referencesare used in the drawings and the description to refer to the same orlike parts. It should be noted that the non-graph drawings are ingreatly simplified form and are not to precise scale. In reference tothe disclosure herein, for purposes of convenience and clarity only,directional terms, such as top, bottom, left, right, up, down, above,below, beneath, rear, and front, are used with respect to theaccompanying drawings. Such directional terms used in conjunction withthe following description of the drawings should not be construed tolimit the scope of the invention in any manner not explicitly set forthin the appended claims. Although the disclosure herein refers to certainillustrated embodiments, it is to be understood that these embodimentsare presented by way of example and not by way of limitation. It is tobe understood and appreciated that the process steps and structuresdescribed herein do not cover a complete process flow for themanufacture of entire integrated circuits. The present invention may bepracticed in conjunction with various integrated circuit fabricationtechniques that are known in the art or to be developed.

FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a band-gapengineered-silicon-oxide-nitride-oxide-silicon (BE-SONOS) flashp-channel memory cell 200 with an ONO tunneling dielectric 220 inaccordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention. TheBE-SONOS p-channel memory cell 200 includes an n-type substrate 240(e.g., N-well) including a control gate 205 made of n+ poly gate, a p+poly gate or similar materials. The memory cell 200 includes a p+ sourceregion 235, a p+ drain region 245, and a channel region interposedbetween the source 235 and drain regions 245 in the N-well 240 of thesubstrate. A nitride charge-trapping storage, or charge storage, layer215 is provided above the channel region, a multi-layer modulatedtunneling dielectric layer 220 is provided between the nitridecharge-trapping layer 220 and the channel region. A blocking insulatingoxide layer 210 is provided between the nitride charge-trapping layer220 and the control gate 205. When configured as a memory device (seefollowing), the control gate 205 corresponds to a word line, the sourceregion 235 corresponds to a first bit line, and the drain region 245corresponds to a second bit line. Each memory cell includes a first bitportion and a second bit portion, each of which is for storing one bitof information in the memory cell.

Typical device parameters for the BE-SONOS p-channel memory cell 200 ofFIG. 2 are described as follows. Each layer of the BE-SONOS memory cellhas a thickness for a bottom oxide layer (O1) about 15 Å (angstroms), aninner nitride layer (N1) about 20 Å (angstroms), inner oxide (O2) about18 Å (angstroms), trapping-nitride layer (N2) 215 about 70 Å(angstroms), and a blocking oxide layer (O3) 210 about 90 Å (angstroms).The O1/N1/O2 multi-layer modulated tunnel dielectric layer 220 iscomposed of ultra-thin oxide and nitride, all within 3 nanometers toprovide direct hole tunneling. N2 is thicker than 5 nanometers forproviding a higher trapping efficiency in the memory cell. For theblocking oxide layer (O3) 210, a preferred formation method is to use awet converted top oxide that provides a large density of traps betweenthe O3 210 and N2 215, in which O3 210 is about 6 nanometers thick inorder to prevent charge losses from the top oxide. O1/N1/O2 serves as atunneling dielectric for the hole tunneling from an inversion p-channel.As those skilled in the art would understand, the device parametersshown in FIG. 2B are typical and may vary either up or down dependingupon the specific application of the memory cell 200.

FIG. 3 shows a portion of a NAND memory device 300 using the BE-SONOSmemory cells 200 shown in FIG. 2. The memory device 300 comprises one ormore strings 330 of the memory cells 200 connected in seriessource-to-drain and drain-to-source. Typically the number of strings 330in a memory device 300 is 16 or 32, but other sizes of memory devices300 could be formed. PMOSFET transistors 335 are used as bit selecttransistors at one end of each string 330 for connecting each string toa bit line 305. The bit select transistors are controlled by bit selectline (BLT) 310. PMOSFET select transistors 335 are also located at theother end of each string 330 for connecting each string to a source line(SL) 325. The select transistors are controlled by source select lines(SLT) 320. Preferably, the gate dielectric for the bit line transistors310 and the source line transistors 320 is a gate oxide without anitride trapping layer, in order to avoid any possible voltage thresholdVt shift in the bit line transistors 310 and the source line transistors320 during the device operations. In the preferred embodiment, the bitline transistors 310 and the source line transitors 320 use the sameONONO gate dielectric, which allows the memory cells 200 to operatewithout any performance degradation. Since the gate voltages on the BLT310 are often less than ±10 V, very little gate disturbance is present.The source line 325 is made of a metal such as tungsten or a polymaterial.

FIG. 4A is cross-sectional view of the BE-SONOS p-channel memory cell200 for performing a self-convergent −FN programming method of thedevice 200 of FIG. 2. A self-convergent programming operation isgenerally known in the art and will not be described further herein.However, the self-convergent −FN programming of the present inventionprovides greater performance and scalability, which facilitatesmulti-level cell (MLC) devices and applications. Applying a high −FNvoltage 405 on the gate 205 (i.e., Vg=−18V), a hole inversion channel415 is formed in a NAND string 330 of the plurality of memory cells 200in the p-channel device 400. “Hot” holes then tunnel through the ONOtunneling dielectric layer 220 and are injected into the nitride storagelayer 215 (N2). At the same time, “hot’ electrons tunnel 410 through thetop oxide (O3) layer 210 from the gate 205 into N2 215. The injectedholes and electrons will cancel one another until an equilibrium stateis reach, thereby setting the threshold voltage of the memory cell 200.The self-convergent programming method of the present invention providesa dynamic balancing condition in the memory cell 200, obviating the needfor precise voltage threshold control in programming operations.

Experimental data for the self-convergent −FN programming method isillustrated in FIG. 4B, which shows a difference in threshold voltagefor different applied gate voltages. FIG. 4B is a graph illustratingcurves of experimental data using different gate voltages for the memorycell 200. FIG. 4B shows that threshold voltage (Vt) may be adjusted bythe gate voltage. For example, the threshold voltage (Vt) may be loweredby increasing the absolute value of the gate voltage. In addition,programming speed may also depend on the gate voltages. The differentgate voltages illustrate that the higher in voltage for the gate voltage460 (e.g., Vg=−20V), the faster the device is programmed to a thresholdvoltage (e.g., Vt=3V at about 5×10⁻³ seconds or 5 milliseconds).Conversely, the lower gate voltage 455 (e.g.,=Vg=−16V) is, the devicetakes longer to program at a threshold level (e.g., Vt=1.2V at about0.5×10⁻¹ second or 500 milliseconds), which is about one hundred timesslower than that of the higher gate voltage.

FIG. 5A is a schematic of the memory device 300 illustrating a programmethod using an inhibit technique by raising the channel potential ofthe device. For illustrative purposes, assuming cell-A is selected forprogramming. The bit line BL₁ 107 corresponding to cell-A is set to zerovolts (V_(BL1)=0V) and bit line BL₂ 105 is set to V_(BL2)=−8V. Thesource line 125 is floating and the bulk is set to zero volts or ground.A large negative gate voltage (Vg=−18V) is applied to the word line 117corresponding to cell-A, and a smaller negative gate voltage (Vg=−10V)is applied to the other word lines 115, 120, BLT 110, and SLT 120. Thesevoltages produce a voltage drop across cell-A of −18V. This voltage dropallows for cell-A to be efficiently programmed using −FN hole injection.Cell-B and cell-C are unselected cells since the voltage drop across thecells (Vg=−10V) is much smaller than that of cell-A and therefore, amuch smaller −FN hole injection occurs, if any, for cell-B and cell-C.In other words, write-disturb commonly seen in the programming ofconventional devices is minimized, or even eliminated. Therefore, thememory cells in the device of the present invention may be randomly andindependently programmed.

FIG. 5B is a graph illustrating curves of experimental data for theprogramming method according to the device illustrated in FIG. 5A. Whenthe gate voltage 117 is set to a large negative voltage (e.g., Vg=−18V)for the selected cell, the cell is programmed to a desired voltagethreshold or program state (e.g., PV=2.2V). At the same time, theunselected memory cells cell-B and cell-C are biased to produce avoltage drop across the cells of Vg=−10V, which is low enough to inhibitthe −FN injection from occurring in the unselected cells. This inhibitprogramming method provides an inhibit margin that is thirty-two timesgreater between the selected and unelected cells of the memory device.Therefore, program or write disturb is minimized, or eliminated, therebyallowing for random and independent programming of memory cells.

FIG. 6 is a schematic of the device of FIG. 2, illustrating a programmethod raising the floating channel potential in the memory device. FIG.6 illustrates a plurality of bit lines 305 (BL₁-BL₄), a plurality ofword lines 315 (WL₁, WL₂, WL₇, WL_(N-) 1, WL_(N)), bit line P-MOSFETselect transistors 310 (BLT), source line P-MOSFET select transistors320 (SLT), and BE-SONOS p-channel devices for each of the memory cells.The source line 325 is floating and the source line transistors 320(SLT) have a gate voltage of Vg=0V. The bit lines 305 (BL₁, BL₃, BL₄)are biased with VBL_(N)=−5V, where N=1, 3 and 4, and bit line 305 BL₂ isbiased at V_(BL1)=0V 307. With the gate of the bit line transistors 310(BLT) biased at Vg=−2V, bit lines BL₁, BL₃ and BL₄ 305 are allturned-off and BL₂ 305 is turned-on, which is the selected bit line andthe inversion layer 605 is formed in the NAND string 330 of BL₂ and theunselected bit lines have a floating inversion layer 610. All of theword lines 315 are biased at VWL_(N)=−5V, (where N=1, 2, N-1, N) withthe exception of WL₇, which is biased at VWL_(N)=−18V 317. Therefore,the inversion layer 605 is only formed in the NAND string 330 that hasthe bit line transistor 310 BLT turned-on.

FIG. 7 is a schematic of another preferred embodiment of the presentinvention illustrating a page program method. FIG. 7 shows a partialBE-SONOS p-channel memory device that has eight bit lines (B_(L1)-BL₈)with BL₃, BL₄ and BL₆ selected and biased at zero volts (i.e.,VBL_(N)=0V, where N=3, 4 and 6), and the source line 325 is floating.Therefore, all the SLTs 320 (shown in FIG. 3) associated with the sourceline 325 are biased with a gate voltage of Vg=0V. The remainingunselected bit lines are biased at VBL_(N)=−5V, where N=1, 2, 5, 7 and8. All of the gates associated with the bit line transistors 310 (BLT;shown in FIG. 3) are biased at Vg=−2V, causing BLTs associated with bitlines BL₃, BL₄ and BL₆ to be turned-on and the BLTs associated with theremaining BL_(N) (where N=1, 2, 5, 7 and 8) to be turned-off. Word linesWL₁, WL₂, WL_(N-1) and WL_(N) are biased at V_(WLN)=−5V, (where N=1, 2,N-1, N) and word line WL₇ is biased at V_(WL7)=−18V, which causes cells705 to be selected and an inversion layer to be formed in the cells.Therefore, programming of randomly-selected memory cells may beachieved. Furthermore, programming disturbance is avoided because thechannel potential of the unselected cells is raised through theapplication of a high negative voltage to the corresponding bit-lines,thereby suppressing −FN hole injection in the unselected memory cells.Program disturbance is further avoided by floating the channel potentialand suppressing hole injection in the inversion layer for the unselectedbit-lines by using a program inhibit method, which includes turning on apredetermined number of bit-line transistors associated with the memorycells that are to be programmed, forming an inversion layer therein.

FIG. 8 is a schematic using the device of FIG. 2 for illustrating anerasing method of a memory device consistent with one embodiment of thepresent invention. To facilitate the erasing method, all of the bitlines BL₁-BL₄ and the source line 325 are left floating. In addition,all of the bit line transistors 310 (BLT) and all of the source linetransistors 320 (SLT) have a voltage of zero volts applied to each gate(i.e., Vg=0V). Erasing the memory device may be performed either by asector erase or a block erase. Erasing is done by applying a highpositive voltage (e.g., Vg=+20V) to the gates through each of the wordlines WLN (where N=1 to N and N being the total number of word lines inthe memory device). With a high positive voltage (e.g., Vg=+20V) appliedto all of the word lines, electrons are injected into thecharge-trapping layer from the n-well, thereby increasing the voltagethreshold level for each of the memory cells that are erased. Thismethod is termed +FN electron injection.

FIG. 9 is a schematic of the device of FIG. 2 for illustrating a methodfor reading a memory cell in the NAND array of p-channel memory devices.For example, to read a memory cell 905, a negative voltage (e.g.,V_(BL1)=−1V) is applied bit line BL₂ while all other bit lines (BL₁, BL₃and BL₄) are left floating. In addition, a zero voltage potential(V_(SL)=0V) is applied to the source line 325 of the memory array. Toaccess the cells, all of the bit line transistors 310 (BLT) and sourceline transistors 320 (SLT) have a negative voltage (e.g., Vg=−5V)applied to each gate, which turns on the all of the BLT and SLTtransistors. To read cell 905, word line WL₇ is selected by applying aread gate voltage (Vg=+4V) to WL₇. The read gate voltage is typicallybetween the programming gate voltage (PV) and the erasing gate voltage(EV) of the memory cells.

All remaining unselected word lines (WLN, where N=1, 2, N-1, N) have anegative gate voltage (e.g., Vg=−5V) applied since they are not beingread. However, reading the memory device is not limited to individualcells. Reading can also be performed in a page read method (i.e.,parallel sensing) so that a fast page read throughput can be carried outfor the memory device. The page read method is done by selecting morethan one bit line and word line simultaneously with the appropriate biasvoltages to access more than one memory cell at the same time. Theselected word lines are raised to a voltage (Vg) that is between theerasing voltage (EV) and programming voltage (PV). All other word linesserve as pass gates so that their gate voltages must be raised toV_(CWL).

FIG. 10A is a graph illustrating threshold voltages (Vt) versus P/Ecycle number using −FN programming and +FN erasing according topreferred embodiments of the present invention. The bottom curverepresents the voltage threshold (Vt) of a memory cell over for onethousand (1,000) −FN programming operations and the top curve representsthe voltage threshold (Vt) over one thousand (1,000) +FN erasingoperations. For each programming operation data point, the applied gatevoltage was set to Vg=−18V and held for 1 millisecond. For each erasingoperation data point, the applied gate voltage was set to Vg=+20V andheld for 50 milliseconds. The voltage threshold for the programmingcurve at the bottom of the graph varied approximately between 1.7V-1.8V,which is about a 200 mV deviation over the 1,000 programming operations.Similarly, the voltage threshold for the erasing curve at the top of thegraph varied approximately between 5.1V -4.8V, which is about −300 mVdeviation over the 1,000 erasing operations. However, the programmingand erasing curves define a voltage threshold (Vt) window between thetwo operations for the P/E cycle, in which the Vt window approximatelyremained the same throughout the 1,000 P/E cycles and illustrates anexcellent program/erase (P/E) cycle endurance for the memory cell.

FIG. 10B is a graph showing experimental curves illustrating devicedegradation during 1,000 P/E cycles. There are two set of three curves,the left set or grouping of curves illustrates the drain current versusgate voltage for a memory cell at 1,100 and 1,000 cycles with −FNprogramming operation. The right set or grouping of curves illustratesthe drain current versus gate voltage for a memory cell at 1,100 and1,000 cycles with +FN erasing operation. Both programming and erasingshow that there are some changes in the curves as the cycles increased,but this change demonstrates that a small device degradation andexcellent P/E cycling endurance is obtained for the memory device.

FIG. 11 is a graph of curves illustrating voltage threshold (Vt) versusreading time (second) for read disturbance characteristics of a memorycell for the device of FIG. 2. The top curve refers to the programmedstate and the bottom curve refers to the erased state of the memorydevice with VG/VD=0/−2 V. During reading, channel hole current flowsfrom the source to the drain in the memory cell. The channel holecurrent induces some electron and hole generation at the drain and somehot holes may attain enough energy to tunnel into nitride of thecharge-trapping layer. However, due to the large potential barrier ofhole barrier (e.g., 4.5 eV), the channel hot hole efficiency isnegligible small. Therefore, the read disturbance of this p-channeldevice is very small and thus, results in a good read disturbanceimmunity in the device. The read disturbance for the p-channel device isvery small as shown in FIG. 11, because channel hot-hole (CHH)efficiency is very small for PMOSFET.

The foregoing disclosure of the preferred embodiments of the presentinvention has been presented for purposes of illustration anddescription. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit theinvention to the precise forms disclosed. It will be appreciated bythose skilled in the art that changes could be made to the embodimentsdescribed above without departing from the broad inventive conceptthereof. It is understood, therefore, that this invention is not limitedto the particular embodiments disclosed, but it is intended to covermodifications within the spirit and scope of the present invention asdefined by the appended claims.

1. A programming method for a p-channel flash memory cell, the memorycell including a gate, a source, a drain, and a channel between thesource and the drain, comprising: (a) applying a first voltage to thegate, and (b) applying a second voltage to either the source or thedrain, wherein the second voltage is sufficiently greater than the firstvoltage so as to cause negative Fowler-Nordheim hole injection from thechannel, such that the cell is caused to be in a programmed state. 2-3.(canceled)
 4. A programming method for a memory device, the memorydevice comprising a NAND array of memory cells, the array comprises oneor more word lines and one or more bit lines, each bit line comprises abit line transistor connected to a string of p-channel memory cells, thestring of p-channel memory cells including N series connected memorycells and the N^(th) memory cell connected to a source line transistor,comprising: (a) applying a first voltage to each bit line thatcorresponds to each selected string of memory cells in the array ofmemory cells; (b) applying a second voltage to each bit line thatcorresponds to each unselected string of memory cells, wherein the firstvoltage is greater than the second voltage; (c) applying a third voltageto each bit line transistor, wherein the second voltage is greater thanthe third voltage; (d) applying the third voltage to each source linetransistor; (e) applying the third voltage to each word line thatcorresponds to each unselected memory cell; and (f) applying a forthvoltage to the word line that corresponds to each selected memory cell,resulting in Fowler-Nordheim hole injection, thereby causing the memorycell to be in a programmed state, wherein the third voltage is greaterthan the forth voltage.
 5. The programming method of claim 4, whereineach of the second, third and forth voltages are negative voltages withrespect to the first voltage.
 6. The programming method of claim 4,wherein the Fowler-Nordheim hole injection in the unselected string ofmemory cells are insufficient to program the unselected memory cells. 7.The programming method of claim 4, wherein no Fowler-Nordheim holdinjection occurs in a plurality of the unselected memory cells.
 8. Aprogramming method for a memory device, the memory device comprising aNAND array of memory cells, the array comprises one or more word linesand one or more bit lines, each bit line comprises a bit line transistorconnected to a string of p-channel memory cells, the string of p-channelmemory cells including N series connected memory cells and the N^(th)memory cell connected to a source line transistor, comprising: (a)applying a first voltage to each bit line that corresponds to eachselected memory cell in the array of memory cells; (b) applying a secondvoltage to each bit line that corresponds to each unselected memorycell, wherein the first voltage is greater than the second voltage; (c)applying a third voltage to each bit line transistor, wherein the secondvoltage is greater than the third voltage; (d) applying the firstvoltage to each source line transistor; (e) applying the second voltageto each word line that corresponds to each unselected memory cell; and(f) applying a forth voltage to the word line that corresponds to eachselected memory cell, resulting in Fowler-Nordheim (−FN) hole injection,thereby causing the memory cell to be in a programmed state, wherein thethird voltage is greater than the forth voltage.
 9. The programmingmethod of claim 8, wherein each of the second, third and forth voltagesare negative voltages with respect to the first voltage. 10-12.(canceled)